About | comparativecompetitionlaw.org

About the CCL

Over the past three decades, competition laws have proliferated across the globe. During this time, international institutions and governments have promoted competition policy as an important regulatory tool to enhance competitiveness and market performance. But at the same time, there is scant empirical evidence on what leads to the adoption of competition laws and what effects these laws have on market outcomes. Our research seeks to provide a new empirical foundation for these questions by developing novel datasets on competition laws and enforcement across time and jurisdictions.

Our cross-national timeseries data consists of two primary datasets. First, the Comparative Competition Law Dataset, which codes competition laws around the world from 1889 to 2010. Second, the Comparative Competition Enforcement Dataset, which provides data on competition agencies’ resources and activities in 100 jurisdictions from 1990 to 2010.

In addition, we have also created a Competition Law Index (the “CLI”) that measures the stringency of competition regulation from 1889 to 2010 to facilitate an easy use of the complex data. We have also released the results of a Competition Law Expert Survey, which provides information on the role of judiciary, private enforcement, and de facto independence of competition agencies across countries.

Anu Bradford

Henry L. Moses Professor of Law and International Organization

Anu Bradford is the Henry L. Moses Professor of Law and International Organization at Columbia Law School. She is also a director for the European Legal Studies Center. Her research and teaching focus on international trade law, European Union law, and comparative and international antitrust law. Before joining the Law School faculty in 2012, she was an assistant professor at the University of Chicago Law School. She has also taught at Harvard College, Brandeis University, and the University of Helsinki.

Adam Chilton

Professor of Law and Walter Mander Research Scholar

Adam Chilton is a Professor of Law and the Walter Mander Research Scholar at the University of Chicago Law School. His research interests lie at the intersection of international law, comparative law, and empirical legal studies. Before joining the faculty of the University of Chicago, Adam taught at the Law School as a Bigelow Fellow and Lecturer in Law.

Bradford earned her S.J.D. degree in 2007 and LL.M. degree in 2002 from Harvard Law School, and also holds a law degree from the University of Helsinki. After completing her LL.M. studies as a Fulbright Scholar at Harvard Law School, Bradford practiced antitrust law and EU law at Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton in Brussels for two years before returning to Harvard for her doctoral studies. She has also served as an adviser on economic policy in the Parliament of Finland and as an expert assistant to a member of the European Parliament. In 2010, the World Economic Forum named Bradford a Young Global Leader.

Publications

“Trade Openness and Antitrust Law” (with Adam Chilton) Journal of Law and Economics, 62(1) 29-65 (2019)

“Competition Law Gone Global: Introducing Datasets on Competition Law and Enforcement Around the World” (with Adam Chilton, Christopher Megaw and Nathaniel Sokol) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 16(2): 411-443 (2019)

“Competition Law around the World from 1889 to 2010: The Competition Law Index” (with Adam Chilton) (Journal of Competition Law & Economics 14:3:1: (2018)

“Is EU Merger Control Used for Protectionism? An Empirical Analysis” (with Robert J. Jackson Jr., and Jonathon Zytnick), Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 15: 165: 191 (2018).

“Unintended Agency Problems: How International Bureaucracies Are Built and Empowered” (with Stavros Gadinis and Katerina Linos) 57 Virginia Journal of International Law 159-222 (2018).

“Exporting standards: The externalization of the EU’s regulatory power via markets.” Vol. 40 International Review of Law and Economics (2014)

“Competition Policy and Free Trade: Antitrust Provisions in PTAs,” in Trade Cooperation: The Purpose, Design and Effects of Preferential Trade Agreements (Dür, Andreas, and Manfred Elsig, eds.) (Cambridge University Press 2014) (with Tim Büthe)

“How International Institutions Evolve,” 15 Chicago Journal of International Law 1 (Summer 2014)

“Reversible Rewards” (with Omri Ben-Shahar), 15 (1) American Law and Economics Review (2013)

“Sharing the Risks and Rewards of Economic Migration,” 80 The University of Chicago Law Review 29 (2013)

“The Brussels Effect,” 107 Northwestern University Law Review 1 (2013)

“Efficient Enforcement in International Law” (with Omri Ben-Shahar), 12 Chicago Journal of International Law 375 (Winter 2012)

“Antitrust Law in Global Markets,” in Research Handbook on the Economics of Antitrust Law (Einer Elhauge ed.) (Edward Elgar 2012)

“Universal Exceptionalism in International Law” (with Eric Posner), 52 Harvard International Law Journal 3 (2011)

“International Antitrust Cooperation and the Preference for Non-Binding Regimes,” in: International Competition Policy, Extraterritoriality, and Comity (Andrew Guzman ed.) (Oxford University Press 2011)

“When the WTO Works, and How It Fails,” 51 Virginia Journal of International Law 1 (2010)

“Regime Theory,” in: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 2008)

“International Antitrust Negotiations and the False Hope of the WTO,” 48 Harvard International Law Journal 383 (2007)

“Assessing Theories of Global Governance: A Case Study of International Antitrust Regulation,” 39 Stanford Journal of International Law 2 (2003) [published under maiden name Anu Piilola]

Download Full C.V.

Download Professor Bradford’s CV from her academic profile.

Adam received a BA and MA in Political Science from Yale University. After college, Adam worked as a management consultant for BCG. He then went to Harvard University, where he earned a JD as well as a PhD in Political Science. Before joining the faculty, Adam taught at the Law School as a Bigelow Fellow and Lecturer in Law.

Publications

“Trade Openness and Antitrust Law,” 62 Journal of Law and Economics 29 (2019) (with Anu Bradford).

“Competition Gone Global: The Comparative Competition Law and Enforcement Datasets,” 16 Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 411 (2019) (with Anu Bradford, Christopher Megaw & Nathaniel Sokol).

“Legal Rasputins? Law Clerk Influence on Voting at the U.S. Supreme Court,” 35 Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 1 (2019) (with Adam Bonica, Kyle Rozema, Jacob Goldin & Maya Sen). cu www

“Treaties and Human Rights: The Role of Long-Term Trends,” 81 Law & Contemporary Problems 1 (2018) (with Eric Posner). cu

“Competition Law Around the World from 1889 to 2010: The Competition Law Index,” 14 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 393 (2018) (with Anu Bradford). cu

“Country Specific Investments and the Rights of Non-Citizens,” 57 Virginia Journal of International Law 575 (2018) (with Eric Posner). ssrn cu www

“Optimal Design of Guest Worker Programs: An Introduction,” 47 Journal of Legal Studies 1 (2018) (with Tom Ginsburg & Eric Posner). cu www

“Why Countries Sign Bilateral Labor Agreements,” 47 Journal of Legal Studies 45 (2018) (with Eric Posner). ssrn cu www

“Courts’ Limited Ability to Protect Constitutional Rights,” 85 University of Chicago Law Review 293 (2018) (with Mila Versteeg). ssrn cu

“The Legal Academy’s Ideological Uniformity,” 47 Journal of Legal Studies 1 (2018) (with Adam Bonica & Kyle Rozema & Maya Sen). ssrn cu www

“Reciprocity and Public Opposition to Foreign Direct Investment,” British Journal of Political Science (in press) (with Helen Milner & Dustin Tingley). cu www

“Rights Without Resources: The Impact of Constitutional Social Rights on Social Spending,” 60 Journal of Law and Economics 713 (2017) (with Mila Versteeg). ssrn cu www

“Book Review of The Continent of International Law: Explaining Agreement Design by Barbara Koremenos,” 111 American Journal of International Law 801 (2017). cu www

“Experimentally Testing the Effectiveness of Human Rights Treaties,” 18 Chicago Journal of International Law 164 (2017). ssrn cu

“The Political Ideologies of Law Clerks,” 19 American Law and Economics Review 96 (2017) (with Adam Bonica, Jacob Goldin, Kyle Rozema & Maya Sen). ssrn cu www

“Measuring Judicial Ideology Using Law Clerk Hiring,” 19 American Law and Economics Review 129 (2017) (with Adam Bonica, Kyle Rozema, Jacob Goldin & Maya Sen). ssrn cu www

“Has Trump’s Promised Assault on International Law Materialized?,” 2017 University of Illinois Law Review Online: Trump 100 Days (online) (2017).cu www

“The Influence of History on States’ Compliance with Human Rights Obligations,” 56 Virginia Journal of International Law 212 (2017) (with Eric Posner). ssrn cu

“Making Doctrinal Work More Rigorous: Lessons from Systematic Reviews,” 84 University of Chicago Law Review 37 (2017) (with William Baude & Anup Malani). ssrn cu

“A Call for Developing a Field of Positive Legal Methodology,” 84 University of Chicago Law Review 1 (2017) (with William Baude & Anup Malani). cu

“The Limitations of Supply Chain Disclosure Regimes,” 53 Stanford Journal of International Law 1 (2017) (with Galit Sarfaty). ssrn cu

“The Political Ideologies of American Lawyers,” 8 Journal of Legal Analysis 277 (2016) (with Adam Bonica & Maya Sen). ssrn cu www

“Simplification of Privacy Disclosures: An Experimental Test,” 45 Journal of Legal Studies S41 (2016) (with Omri Ben-Shahar). ssrn cu

“Did the Creation of the United Nations Human Rights Council Produce a Better ‘Jury’?,” 58 Harvard International Law Journal Online 7 (2016) (with Robert Golan-Vilella). ssrn cu www

“Do Constitutional Rights Make a Difference?,” 60 American Journal of Political Science 575 (2016) (with Mila Versteeg). ssrn cu www

“Revisiting Procedure and Precedent in the WTO: An Analysis of US-Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measure (China),” 15 World Trade Review 375 (2016) (with Mostafa Beshkar). ssrn cu

“International Law, Constitutional Law, and Public Support for Torture,” 3 Research & Politics 1 (2016) (with Mila Versteeg). ssrn cu www

“The Motivations of the United States’ Bilateral Investment Treaty Program,” 23 Review of International Political Economy 614 (2016). ssrn cu www

“Challenging the Randomness of Panel Assignments in the Federal Courts of Appeals,” 101 Cornell Law Review 1 (2015) (with Marin Levy). ssrn cu

“The Failure of Constitutional Torture Prohibitions,” 44 Journal of Legal Studies 417 (2015) (with Mila Versteeg). ssrn cu

“An Empirical Study of Political Bias in Legal Scholarship,” 44 Journal of Legal Studies 277 (2015) (with Eric Posner). ssrn cu

“Reconsidering the Motivations of the United States’ Bilateral Investment Treaty Program,” 108 American Society of International Law Proceedings 373 (2015). ssrn cu

“Foreign Sovereign Immunity and Comparative Institutional Competence,” 163 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 411 (2015) (with Christopher Whytock). ssrn cu

“The Laws of War and Public Opinion: An Experimental Study,” 171 Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 181 (2015). ssrn cu

“The Political Economy of Inward FDI: Opposition to Chinese Mergers & Acquisitions,” 8 Chinese Journal of International Politics 27 (2015) (with Dustin Tingley, Christopher Xu & Helen Milner). ssrn cu

“Supplying Compliance: Why and When the US Complies with WTO Rulings,” 39 Yale Journal of International Law 201 (2014) (with Rachel Brewster) (Data). ssrn cu

“The Influence of International Human Rights Agreements on Public Opinion: An Experimental Study,” 15 Chicago Journal of International Law 110 (2014). ssrn cu

“Why the Study of International Law Needs Experiments,” 52 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 173 (2013) (with Dustin Tingley). ssrn cu

“A Reply to Dworkin’s New Theory of International Law,” 80 The University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue 105 (2013). ssrn cu

“The Earned Income Tax Credit, Low-Income Workers, and the Legal Aid Community,” 3 Columbia Journal of Tax Law 176 (2012) (with Jonathan P. Schneller & Joshua L. Boehm). ssrn cu

“The Doctrinal Paradox & International Law,” 34 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 67 (2012) (with Dustin Tingley).ssrn cu

“Book Review (reviewing Charles R. Beitz, The Idea of Human Rights),” 25 Harvard Human Rights Journal 237 (2012). cu

“Recent Developments in Health Law: Brazil’s Pregnancy Registration Requirement and International Commitments to the Rights of Women,” 40 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 696 (2012). cu

“Equality, Procedural Justice, and the World Trade Organization,” 7 Intercultural Human Rights Law Review 277 (2012) (with Ryan W. Davis).ssrn cu

“Book Review (reviewing Beth A. Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics),” 24 Harvard Human Rights Journal 243 (2011). cu

“India’s Evolving Patent Laws and the WTO Obligations: The Rejection of Abbott Laboratories’ Application for a New Kaletra Patent,” 39 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 296 (2011). cu